London Labour Market Update
Ammar Ljubijankić Kutasi, June 2023
The London labour market saw positive developments on jobs,
unemployment and inactivity, although nominal pay growth was muted. This
largely followed the UK pattern.
The 16-64 employment rate in
London ticked up again, while the unemployment rate and inactivity rates
edged down, all three indicators performing better in London than in the
UK.
The data on the number of jobs was more difficult to
interpret. The update to Workforce Jobs in London showed the largest
ever recorded quarterly gain of around 176,000 (2.8%) to March, spurred
by an increase in self-employed jobs of almost 10%. Several industries
saw strong jobs growth on the year led by Other services with a 24%
increase.
On the other hand, real time information on the
number of London residents employed through PAYE showed a slight fall in
May from April. With an upward revision of last month’s estimate, the
total is now back to the same level as in January 2023.
Summary of key points
The most timely estimate of payrolled employees shows a decrease of around 700 in London between April and May 2023 and an increase of 2.0% on the year.
The employment rate in London was estimated at 75.6% for the three months ending April 2023, up 1.1 percentage points (pp) on the previous quarter and up 0.5pp on the same period in the previous year. London’s employment rate was lower than the UK average (76.0%).
The unemployment rate was still higher than the UK average. London’s unemployment rate was estimated at 4.5%, down 0.1pp on the quarter and down 0.4pp from a year earlier. The UK average was 3.8%.
London’s inactivity rate (the measure of those not looking and/or not available to work) was estimated at 20.7%. This was down 1.2pp on the previous quarter and down 0.2pp on the previous year, and was lower than the UK-wide estimate of 21.0%.
The total number of workforce jobs increased by 176,000, or 2.8%, between the fourth and first quarter of 2023, and was 396,000, or 6.4%, above levels the previous year.
Payrolled employees
The count of payrolled employees from HMRC’s Pay As You Earn (PAYE) RTI dataset offers a timely measure of labour market trends:
Early estimates indicate that there were around 4.3 million payrolled employees living in London in May 2023, a decrease of around 700 on the previous month.
The latest London estimate represents an increase of 83,200, or 2.0%, on the previous year (May 2022) against a UK average increase of 1.6% (see charts).
Relative to pre-pandemic (February 2020) levels, the number of payrolled employees in London was up by 143,000, or 3.4%. This compares to an increase of 3.5% across the UK on average.
The figures for May 2023 in the RTI dataset are provided to give an indication of the likely level of employees as well as median pay in the latest period. They are of lower quality and may be subject to significant revision in future releases.
Number of payrolled employees
Source: HM Revenue and Customs – Pay As You Earn Real Time
Information.
Note: Estimates are based on where employees live.
March 2020 indicated by dotted line.
Change on previous year, regions
Source: HM Revenue and Customs – Pay As You Earn Real Time
Information.
Note: Estimates are based on where employees live.
Employee pay and inflation
The RTI dataset also provides information on the nominal monthly pay of payrolled employees living in London. This can be adjusted for inflation to estimate real pay over time.
CPIH (consumer price inflation including owner-occupiers’ housing costs) is a national measure and does not account for region-specific price changes.
Median monthly pay
The median pay is an average which measures the middle point in the range of recorded monthly employee salaries.
In May 2023:
Median monthly pay in London was £2,670, an increase of 5.1% on the year.
In the UK overall, median pay was £2,240, up by 7.0% on the year.
Source: HM Revenue and Customs – Pay As You Earn Real Time
Information.
Note: Estimates are based on where employees live.
March 2020 indicated by dotted line.
Pay by region
The change in median nominal salary on the year varies between the regions and countries of the UK.
From May 2022 to May 2023:
The region/country with the highest growth in median monthly salary was Scotland at 8.4%.
The region/country with the lowest growth in median monthly salary was London at 5.1%.
Source: HM Revenue and Customs – Pay As You Earn Real Time
Information.
Note: Estimates are based on where employees live.
Annual real pay growth
Growth in real wages can be estimated by adjusting nominal pay for the rate of inflation, here CPIH.
In April 2023, the latest month for which CPIH inflation data is available:
The year-on-year CPIH rate in the UK was 7.8%.
Nominal employee pay was up by 5.7% on the year in London, resulting in a decrease of 2.0% in real pay on the year.
Source: HM Revenue and Customs – Pay As You Earn Real Time Information,
ONS.
Note: March 2020 indicated by dotted line. Inflation measure
does not account for region-specific price changes. Sign of inflation
rates has been reversed (higher inflation rates are associated with
lower real pay growth).
Additional payrolled employee statistics
The tabs below are each updated once per quarter, as new data is released by the ONS/HMRC.
Change by industry
Comparing April 2023 to levels the previous year:
Arts & recreation saw the highest percentage growth in payrolled employees at 5.2%, followed by Hospitality (5.2%) and Health (3.8%).
On the other hand, Construction saw the lowest percentage growth with a decrease of 2.2%, followed by Retail (down by 1.7%) and Public admin & defence (down by 1.2%).
Source: HM Revenue and Customs – Pay As You Earn Real Time
Information.
Note: Estimates are based on where employees live.
Excludes sectors with fewer than 25,000 payrolled employees in London.
Change by age group
Recent changes in the number of payrolled employees vary by age group. Comparing March 2023 to levels the previous year:
The number of payrolled employees “Aged: 50-64” in London was up by 2.6%, while the number of employees “Aged: 35-49” was up by 1.8%.
For the UK overall, payrolled employee numbers in those two age groups increased by 1.5% and increased by 2.1%, respectively.
Source: HM Revenue and Customs – Pay As You Earn Real Time
Information.
Note: Estimates are based on where employees live.
Employment rate
Employment measures the number of people aged 16 and over in paid work and those who had a job that they were temporarily away from. The employment rate is the proportion of people aged between 16 and 64 years who are in employment.
For February to April 2023:
The 16-64 employment rate in London was estimated at 75.6%; this represents an increase of 1.1 percentage points (pp) on the previous quarter and an increase of 0.5pp from a year earlier.
The overall UK employment rate was estimated at 76.0%, an increase of 0.2pp on the quarter and an increase of 0.3pp on the year.
London and UK rates
Source: ONS Labour Force Survey.
Note: The margin of error is
±1.9% for London and ±0.6% for the UK. March 2020 indicated by dotted
line.
Regional comparison
Source: ONS Labour Force Survey.
Note: The margin of error ranges
from ±1.5% to ± 3.2% across regions.
Unemployment rate
Unemployment measures people without a job who have been actively seeking work within the last four weeks and are available to start work within the next two weeks. The unemployment rate is the proportion of the economically active population who are unemployed.
For February to April 2023:
The unemployment rate for London was estimated at 4.5%; this represents a decrease of 0.1pp on the previous quarter and a decrease of 0.4pp from a year earlier.
The UK unemployment rate was estimated at 3.8%, an increase of 0.1pp from the previous quarter and unchanged on the year.
London and UK rates
Source: ONS Labour Force Survey.
Note: The margin of error is
±1.1% for London and ±0.3% for the UK. March 2020 indicated by dotted
line.
Regional comparison
Source: ONS Labour Force Survey.
Note: The margin of error ranges
from ±0.7% to ±2.2% across regions.
Economic inactivity rate
The economic inactivity rate is the proportion of 16 to 64 year olds not in work and either not looking for or unable to work. This group includes some students, people who are looking after family/home, and people who are too ill to work (most of whom are long-term sick).
For February to April 2023:
The rate of economic inactivity in London was estimated at 20.7%; this represents a decrease of 1.2pp on the previous quarter and a decrease of 0.2pp from a year earlier.
The UK rate of economic inactivity was 21.0%; this represents a decrease of 0.4pp on the previous quarter and a decrease of 0.3pp on the year.
London and UK rates
Source: ONS Labour Force Survey.
Note: The margin of error is not
published for London, the UK margin is ±0.3%. March 2020 indicated by
dotted line.
Regional comparison
Source: ONS Labour Force Survey.
Note: The margin of error is not
published for regions.
Claimant count
The claimant count is a measure of the number of people claiming benefits principally for the reason of being unemployed. It includes people claiming Jobseeker’s Allowance and those claiming Universal Credit who are required to seek work.
The latest data for May 2023 show that:
There were 287,000 people claiming unemployment-related benefits in London - equal to a claimant unemployment rate (as a proportion of residents aged 16 to 64) of 4.7%.
The number of claimants in London has decreased by 3,680, or 1.3%, on the year, compared to a decrease of 38,400, or 2.4%, in the UK overall.
Rate of residents aged 16-64
Source: ONS Claimant Count by sex and age (seasonally
adjusted).
Note: may include some employed claimants on low hours
or earnings. March 2020 indicated by dotted line.
Year-on-year percentage change
Source: ONS Claimant Count by sex and age (not seasonally
adjusted).
Note: may include some employed claimants on low hours
or earnings.
Workforce jobs
Number of workforce jobs
The Workforce Jobs series provides quarterly estimates of the number of jobs in the UK and is the ONS’ preferred source of jobs broken down by region of workplace and industry.
The latest data for March 2023 show that:
The total number of workforce jobs in London was estimated at 6.5 million, an increase of approximately 2.8% from December 2022 against a UK average of 1.1%.
The latest estimate represents an increase of approximately 396,000, or 6.4%, from levels the year before, compared with an increase of 2.9% across the UK on average.
Total jobs includes both employee and self-employment jobs alongside other types of employment; since December 2019, the latest employee jobs estimate has increased by 536,000 (10.2%) while the self-employment jobs estimate has decreased by 70,000 (8.5%).
Source: ONS Workforce Jobs.
Note: The margin of error for all
jobs is +/- 1.7% for London and +/- 0.6% for the UK. March 2020
indicated by dotted line.
Sector changes on year
Between March 2022 and March 2023*:
Education recorded the largest percentage decrease in jobs in London (-5,880 or -1.3%); this was followed by Arts & recreation (570 or 0.3%) and Manufacturing (430 or 0.3%).
The following industry groups shown in the chart saw the largest positive percentage change in jobs in London:
- Other services (35,900 or 23.7%)
- Information & communication (66,500 or 12.5%)
- Hospitality (41,400 or 10.1%)
Source: ONS Workforce Jobs.
Note: The margin of error for all
jobs is +/- 1.7% for London and +/- 0.6% for the UK.
Sector changes on pre-pandemic
Between December 2019 and March 2023*:
Construction recorded the largest percentage decrease in jobs in London (-17,500 or -5.5%); this was followed by Transport & storage (-17,100 or -5.4%) and Hospitality (-9,210 or -2.0%).
The following industry groups shown in the chart saw the largest positive percentage change in jobs in London:
- Finance & insurance (84,300 or 20.7%)
- Other services (26,400 or 16.4%)
- Professional services (132,000 or 16.2%)
Source: ONS Workforce Jobs.
Note: The margin of error for all
jobs is +/- 1.7% for London and +/- 0.6% for the UK.
Summary of headline indicators
Headline estimates for Feb 2023-Apr 2023 | Number* (thousands) | Rate** (%) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latest Estimate | Change on Quarter | Change on Year | Latest Estimate | Change on Quarter | Change on Year | |||||
Employment | ||||||||||
London | 4,899 | 134 | t | 89 | t | 75.6 | 1.1 | t | 0.5 | t |
England | 28,102 | 313 | t | 402 | t | 76.5 | 0.5 | t | 0.5 | t |
UK | 33,089 | 250 | t | 382 | t | 76.0 | 0.2 | t | 0.3 | t |
Unemployment | ||||||||||
London | 229 | 3 | t | -16 | u | 4.5 | -0.1 | u | -0.4 | u |
England | 1,125 | 34 | t | -9 | u | 3.8 | 0.1 | t | -0.1 | u |
UK | 1,305 | 52 | t | 5 | t | 3.8 | 0.1 | t | 0.0 | v |
Economic Inactivity | ||||||||||
London | 1,276 | -72 | u | -7 | u | 20.7 | -1.2 | u | -0.2 | u |
England | 7,159 | -190 | u | -137 | u | 20.4 | -0.6 | u | -0.5 | u |
UK | 8,718 | -140 | u | -99 | u | 21.0 | -0.4 | u | -0.3 | u |
Source: ONS Labour Force Survey. | ||||||||||
Measuring the labour market
The ONS has published its latest labour market update covering Labour Force Survey (LFS) data for the three months ending April 2023 and real-time information (RTI) data up to May 2023. This bulletin presents the latest headline labour market estimates for London.
Please note:
Many of the statistics presented here are estimates based on surveys, and as such have a margin of error – known as sampling variability.
They also cover different reference periods or count dates.
More information and previous GLA Economics analyses can be found on our labour market analysis page.
More information on the data used and a glossary of terms can be found on the ONS website.